Consequences of Exploiting Renewable Energy Sources in Football Stadiums

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Amir Ansari Ardali 1
Sara keshkar 2
ghalamali kargar 3
1 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associated professor, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences. Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
10.22034/ntsmj.2023.721103
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the consequences of exploiting renewable energy sources in football stadiums. The present study was qualitative research in terms of type of data used, and the qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the present study included experts in sustainable development, managers, and technical engineers of the stadiums where the Iranian Football Premier League was held in the years 2019 to 2020. Access to research samples was done by a purposeful sampling method and then continued by a snowball method. Finally, after conducting interviews with 12 people, theoretical saturation was obtained. After collecting and analyzing the interviews, 44 open codes were obtained, divided into ten pivotal categories. Finally, from the obtained categories, three concepts of environmental management (pivotal categories of reducing environmental risks, managing energy resources, managing pollution, and improving energy consumption patterns), Improving the social and cultural situation (pivotal categories of improving social attitudes, the quality of welfare services and urban beautification), improving economic status (pivotal categories of Reducing organizational costs, promoting the brand of the stadium, generating organizational income) were obtained. Finally, considering the environmental crises in the world, such as water and energy crises, air pollution in megacities, and the effects of sports on the environment and vice versa, it is suggested that the government, policymakers, and sports managers provide the necessary grounds for exploitation of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy in football stadiums, take positive actions for sustainable development and carbon-free sports.
Keywords
Environment
Football
Renewable energy sources
Stadium
 
2.       Al-Hamrani, A., Kim, D., Kucukvar, M., & Onat, N. C. (2021). Circular economy application for a Green Stadium construction towards sustainable FIFA world cup Qatar 2022™. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 87, 106543.pp1-12.
3.       Aquino, I., & Nawari, N. O. (2015). Sustainable design strategies for sport stadia. Suburban Sustainability, 3(1), 1-32.
4.       Bunds KS, Casper JM, Frey HC, Barrett M. Air pollution at college football games: Developing a methodology for measuring air pollutant exposure in a sport event microenvironment. Event Management. 2019 May 13;23(3):399-412.
5.       Carmichael, A. (2020). The organisation of community football, a barrier to environmental change. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-15.
6.       Cayolla RR, Quintela JA, Santos T. “If You Don’t Know Me by Now”—The Importance of Sustainability Initiative Awareness for Stakeholders of Professional Sports Organizations. Sustainability. 2022 Jan;14(9):4917.
7.       Chaleekure, M., Boonraksa, T., Junhuathon, N., & Marungsri, B. (2021). The Energy Management Study of Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources Appropriate to the Load of the Central Sports Stadium in Chaiyaphum Province. GMSARN International Journal 13 (2019) 96 – 103.
8.       Chard, C., & Mallen, C. (2013). Renewable energy initiatives at Canadian sport stadiums: A content analysis of web-site communications. Sustainability, 5(12), 5119-5134.
9.       Chew KW, Khoo KS, Foo HT, Chia SR, Walvekar R, Lim SS. Algae utilization and its role in the development of green cities. Chemosphere. 2021 Apr 1;268:129322.
10.    Crockford, I., Breton, M., McCormick, F., & Johnson, P. (2011). Delivering London 2012: The Olympic Stadium. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 164(6), 37-43
11.    Dosumu, A., Colbeck, I., & Bragg, R. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions as a result of spectators travelling to football in England. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-7.
12.    Furtado R, Quinaz C, Bastos R. New Braga Municipal Stadium, Braga. Structural engineering international. 2005 May 1;15(2):72-77.
13.    HarjaHanif H. Towards achieving Platinum standards for Green Building certification: a case study using Jakarta International Stadium (JIS) design. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022 Feb 1 (Vol. 997, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing.nne, A., & Korhonen, J. M. (2019). Abandoning the concept of renewable energy. Energy policy, 127, 330-340.
14.    Harjanne A, Korhonen JM. Abandoning the concept of renewable energy. Energy policy. 2019 Apr 1;127:330-40.
15.    Hassan, M., Khan, M. I., Mumtaz, M. W., & Mukhtar, H. (2021). Energy and Environmental Security Nexus in Pakistan. Energy and Environmental Security in Developing Countries, 147-172.
16.    Hognestad, H. K., & Wergeland, E. S. (2021). Reusing stadiums for a greener future The circular design potential of football architecture. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 176.pp1-14.
17.    Ikram, M. (2021). Models for Predicting Non-Renewable Energy Competing with Renewable Source for Sustainable Energy Development: Case of Asia and Oceania Region. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 1-28.
18.    Islam, Md Shamimul, Soroush Moeinzadeh, Ming-Lang Tseng, and Kimhua Tan. "A literature review on environmental concerns in logistics: Trends and future challenges." International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 24, no. 2 (2021): 126-151.
19.    Jha, M. K., Dahal, K. R., & Shrestha, S. (2019). A review on sustainability of rainwater harvesting with especial reference to Nepal. Int. J. Multidiscip. Res. Stud, 2, 11-23.
20.    Katsaprakakis, D. (2019). Introducing a solar-combi system for hot water production and swimming pools heating in the Pancretan Stadium, Crete, Greece. Energy Procedia, 159, 174-179.
21.    Kellison, T. B., Trendafilova, S., & McCullough, B. P. (2015). Considering the social impact of sustainable stadium design. International Journal of Event Management Research, 10(1), pp 63-83.
22.    Kiani, M. S. (2019). Sustainable tourism in sport with emphasis on spectators' contribution in environmental preservation. Health, sport, rehabilitation, 5(3), 44-52.
23.    Lewis, R. W. (2020). The female football spectator in England, 1870–1914: a Flaneuse made visible?. Soccer & Society, 21(2), 121-136.
24.    Litvishko, O., Veynberg, R., & Bodrov, I. (2019). Investment potential of the football industry 1. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(4), 2390-2396.
25.    Loučanová, E., Šupín, M., Čorejová, T., Repková-Štofková, K., Šupínová, M., Štofková, Z., & Olšiaková, M. (2021). Sustainability and Branding: An Integrated Perspective of Eco-innovation and Brand. Sustainability, 13(2), 732.
26.    Manni, M., Coccia, V., Nicolini, A., Marseglia, G., & Petrozzi, A. (2018). Towards zero energy stadiums: The case study of the Dacia Arena in Udine, Italy. Energies, 11(9), 1-16.
27.    Marugán, A. P., Márquez, F. P. G., Perez, J. M. P., & Ruiz-Hernández, D. (2018). A survey of artificial neural network in wind energy systems. Applied energy, 228, 1822 1836.
28.    Nerini, F. F., Sovacool, B., Hughes, N., Cozzi, L., Cosgrave, E., Howells, M., & Milligan, B. (2019). Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Sustainability, 2(8), 674-680.
29.    Nwedu, C. N. (2021). Will a Transition to Renewable Energy Promote Energy Security Amid Energy Crisis in Nigeria?. In Energy Transitions and the Future of the African Energy Sector (pp. 231-263). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
30.    Okada, T., Tamaki, T., & Managi, S. (2019). Effect of environmental awareness on purchase intention and satisfaction pertaining to electric vehicles in Japan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 67, 503-513.
31.    Pina, J. A Passos, A., Araujo, D., & Maynard, M. T. (2018). Football refereeing: An integrative review/ Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, pp10-26.
32.    Schmidt, C. Putting the earth in play: Environmental awareness and sports. Environ. Health Perspect. (2006). 114, A286–A295
33.    Shahbaz, M., Raghutla, C., Chittedi, K. R., Jiao, Z., & Vo, X. V. (2020). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index. Energy, 207, pp1-47.
34.    Shrestha, S., Jha, M. K., & Dahal, K. R. (2019). A Review on Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting with Especial Reference to Nepal. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 2(02), 11-23. ‏
35.    Stemler, S. (2001). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 7(17), 137-46.
36.    Vinciguerra M, Figueiredo EP, Drummond F, Zaeyen C, Moreno Í, Malafaia B. Waste management in the reform and adequacy of the Maracanã Stadium for the FIFA Football World Cup 2014. InKey Engineering Materials 2015 (Vol. 634, pp. 97-112). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
37.    Wang F. Research on the application of energy saving and environmental protection materials in the construction of sports venues. InAIP Conference Proceedings 2022 Mar 10 (Vol. 2474, No. 1, p. 020012). AIP Publishing LLC.
38.    Wolcott HF. Writing up qualitative research. Sage Publications; 2008 Nov 19.