Narrative Inquiry into the Factors and Barriers Influencing the Career Success of Elite Football Referees in Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
BEHZAD PANAHI NAJAFABADI 1
Mina mostahfezian 1
MAJiD KHORVASH 1
MOHAMAD SOLTANHOSSEINI 2
1 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Sports Science Management, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Isfahan State University, Isfahan, Iran
10.22034/ntsmj.2026.2050540.1159
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to conduct a narrative inquiry into the factors and barriers influencing the career success of elite football referees in Iran.

Methods: The research was applied in terms of its purpose and qualitative in nature, based on an exploratory narrative approach. The participants consisted of 23 elite football referees in Iran, selected through purposive sampling and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews designed to extract in-depth narratives of the participants' experiences and perspectives. To evaluate the credibility and reliability of the findings, Lincoln and Guba's criteria, including credibility, transferability, confirmability, and dependability, were employed. Data were analyzed and categorized using thematic analysis.

Results: The findings revealed that the factors and barriers influencing the career success of elite football referees in Iran included 108 initial codes, 27 sub-themes, and 8 main themes. The factors contributing to success were constructive personal actions, purposeful progression, skill and performance development, and supportive foundations. Conversely, barriers included psychological-social pressures, financial and environmental inadequacies, individual inhibitory actions, and organizational shortcomings.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that the career success of elite football referees in Iran depends not only on individual efforts but also on structural support and the reduction of organizational and social barriers.
Keywords
football referees
narrative inquiry
career path
objective success
Subjective success
 
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